This manual (later referred to as Manual 1) is 22 pages long and contains several distinctive images reproduced in this article. We have not yet examined the original, but we have a high-quality scan courtesy of the Chiran Peace Museum for Kamikaze Pilots in Japan, where the original is located. Samurai. Images and encouraging language can be helpful, certainly, but they also ethically enable. Individually, each paragraph serves as a dry instructional maxim, but taken all together, they make the act of suicide seem inevitable by providing only one pathtoward death. meaning. Ganier, F. (2004). The pilots daughter reflects on whether this shunning was like a death in itself: he must have wondered which had been the better way to die. Her father was a ghost of a man from the time he chose to return home. . Her poem A Kosovan Ghost Story refers to the shame and dishonour brought about in war in this case the fact that women who were raped in the war were seen to have brought dishonour on their families; therefore the atrocities of war were often not spoken of to the investigators who arrived to investigate war crimes. Garland's poem was in part inspired by this article, an interview with two kamikaze pilots. Both poems can be found in thePower and Conflictsection of your anthology. A torpedo bomber, on the other hand, flew low and slow toward the target ship, usually in large groups to maximum success, and dropped a torpedo into the water that would then accelerate toward the ship, often from a 45-degree angle, and explode near the waterline of the targets hull. American forces were about to land on Okinawa, which was adjacent to the Japanese home islands, and few Japanese naval vessels remained to oppose them. We agree with this charge but caution that the historical, cultural, and wartime contexts of these two manuals renders retroactively judging them by such an ethical standard problematic. It is like a long shot in a movie suddenly turning into a close-up and the scene expands in your face. Indeed, many U.S. military manuals in use emphasize multiple survival techniques, but there is no such expectation here for Togo pilots, save in circumstances when the target ship or ships cannot be found, in which case the pilot was expected to return, and fly and die another day. Key stage: KS 4 Year: GCSE GCSE Subjects: English Literature GCSE Boards: AQA Proverb 5. We're here to help your child succeed. In the West and in certain Japanese contexts, these pilots are typically called kamikaze, loosely translated as divine wind.. The instructions in these two manuals present an extreme example for ethics; namely, is killing yourself and others ethical? More Poems by Garland So, this meant "god" or "god speaking.". Sections of the poem are presented in italics as. IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication, 47(1), 526. In this way, the manual emphasizes that the pilot is not alone when he makes his final approach; it is a team effort. Detailed quotes explanations with page numbers for every important quote on the site. kamikaze language techniques religious interview questions and answers sharleen spiteri ashley heath . We were only able to complete this project by virtue of his generosity, kindness, and dedication to a peaceful future only possible with the knowledge of the past. Although the guard force and Togo troop often become separated if the battle begins in the air, it is necessary for the direct guard force to avoid being separated from Togo troop. Dragga, S., & Voss, D. (2003). kamikaze language techniques Isgho Votre ducation notre priorit Michigan State University Press. He was a kamikaze pilot during the Second World War, fighting for the Japanese. The word was later used by the Japanese press to describe the flying units of the Japanese military that agreed to carry out suicide missions during the Second World War against American warships. (p. 78). Instant PDF downloads. Journal of Business and Technical Communication, 20(2), 177199. The Battle of Okinawa: The blood and the bomb. Study Kamikaze using smart web & mobile flashcards created by top students, teachers, and professors. You feel that you are suddenly floating in the air. It is also, in our opinion, chilling. thoughout the poem there is constant mention of the sea. (p. 81). The logical and rhetorical constructions of procedural discourse. The Japan Times. Loss, Conflict and Memory Give two similes from the poem. The path to attempted suicide for the pilots in the procedure is singular and inevitable. The effects of motivational elements in user instructions. The pilot has a shaven head which is full of powerful incantations, both images more indicative of Buddhist or Shinto monks and priests than soldiers and pilots. (read the full definition & explanation with examples). . This signals the continuation of the samurai tradition through the actions of the kamikaze pilots. The pilots were expected to fly their plane directly into warships, causing maximum damage. Smith, P. (1982). The major similarity between the two manuals, though, is their authoritarian, imperative tone. Kamikaze. A link to Garland's own website, which has a number of her poems up for reading. Reconsidering power and legitimacy in technical communication: A case for enlarging the definition of technical communicator. . As such, Manual 2 seems aware of the need to bridge across an interim state of confidence. It is important to reiterate here, especially in a 21st century age of peacetime terrorism, that the Togo attacks were expressly directed toward military targets. In the following questions, you will look at the language techniques used in both poems. yes, grandfathers During the Second World War, the term 'kamikaze' was used for Japanese fighter pilots who were sent on suicide missions. A fiery, violent suicide is reduced to an easy-to-solve trigonometry problem. (1992). Form, structure and language Form. Onomatopoeia 12. is an ethical choice, to weigh visual strategies against rhetorical goals (2006, p. 210). Kamikaze is taken from her first collection of poems, The Invention of Fireworks. We're your National Curriculum aligned online education content provider helping each child succeed in English, maths and science from year 1 to GCSE. Power and Conflict: 'Kamikaze'. One way or another, the Togo will commence their attacks and die. [ Placeholder content for popup link ] Comparisons and alternative. For this activity, you will need to turn to the poem'Kamikaze'by Beatrice Garland and'Poppies'by Jane Weir. The table of contents (Figure 1) includes an overview, two chapters, and appendices. This visual depiction creates an abstract fantasy world. Kamikaze pilots were soldiers who flew aircraft loaded with explosives into enemy ships in suicide attacks. What made the Togo pilots unique is their highly organized, even mechanistic operation, enabled by the language and structure of their manuals. Michigan State University Press. These are not objective instructions but rhetorical acts, and the extreme nature of the intended desired state make them excellent examples of such acts for pedagogy when demonstrating the wide range of the manual genre for students and instructors. This was analysed using the scores from the EdPlace database with all activities taken by students managed by parent accounts between October 2018 and September 2019. As to why the author includes these psychological qualities, like the earlier ikan-naku (completely, without remorse), if one has to mention it, it may not be present. prince, muscular, dangerous. Those willing to serve were twice as numerous as the available planes (Feifer, 2012, p.156). Garland discusses the poem in this short interview. This distancing move may or may not have been intentional but, regardless, a dialogue about the spatial proximity of visuals and the text they supplement is an essential one in which students should participate. Key Words 'kamikaze' - a Japanese word that literally means 'divine wind'. The way the content is organized. Personal Pronoun 8. The most important theme of the poem is the brutality of war. The authors explore the phenomenon of kamikaze attacks from a technical communication and rhetorical perspective by analyzing 1945 Japanese military manuals directed to officers and pilots on how to organize and conduct suicide attacks. Unlike Manual 1, directed to a commander, Manual 2 is intended for the actual pilots. The essay also focuses on bushido (which originated with the samurai warriors). 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Katzs (1992) analysis of a 1942 German technical memo that detailed how best to redesign trucks used for gassing Jews and undesirables to be more efficient is a good reference point. Manning, A., & Amare, N. (2006). Comparisons and. In this desperate context appeared the Togo, an abbreviation rendered roughly special attack squadron (Togo is principally used in existing literature but may be transliterated as Tog or Togoo), which consisted of organized and officially sanctioned groups of desperate pilots willing to fly their fuel- and explosives-laden planes directly into American naval vessels in order to damage or destroy them and, thus, to forestall the invasion and national defeat. The early placement of this claim suggests it is foundational for the overall rhetorical effect of reinforcing of the missions inevitable conclusionthe desired state of death. Outcomes of Language Techniques Language features 15 Important English language Techniques 1. docx, 36.18 KB. Lyons Press. However, the Togo pilots, immersed in bushido culture and wishing to defend their homeland from direct, devastating military attack (or, hopefully, to force the US to sue for peace), operated well within the expectations of wartime behavior by attacking warships and other military targets. This varies depending on the type of aircraft. Stanford UP. (2016). The title of the poem is precisely the subject of the poem. We also examine excerpts from another 1945 Togo manual (later referred to as Manual 2), 88 pages long, which is available only in English translation through the 2002 book Kamikaze: Japans Suicide Gods. It refers to a suicide mission in war. One hundred years of sea power: The U.S. Navy, 18901990. The prevailing fatalistic reasoning thus became that completing the mission was preferable to disobedience or the increasing likelihood of being killed by an American bombing. The paper is inexpensive and it could be easily replaced if damaged, destroyed, or lost. However, perhaps most notable about these images is what they do not includeany real aspect of hurtling hundreds of miles an hour in a plane toward a collision with a huge, near-stationary steel target that is actively shooting back, or the sudden explosion in a giant ball of fire and debris. De Velasco, J. Her research interests include workplace literacy, collaborative writing, and visual design. Although his decision was made because of a deep desire to remain with his young family, the result was not that of a happy family unit. Historynet. The pedagogy of manual writing can be enhanced by the use of such gripping examples, especially cross-culturally. The standard introduction to technical/professional writing class at the undergraduate level usually leans on a catch-all, genre-based textbook that has a single chapter on instructions, if that, with relatively pedestrian examples. She is not smiling or crying. If possible, it is best if it is around the area between the chimney[s] and the bridge, or the elevator if it is an aircraft carrier, and the area slightly above the waterline in the center is good in the case of a very low altitude horizontal crash. It gathers to a greatness, like the ooze of oil Crushed, "Sooo much more helpful thanSparkNotes. It is one of the poems in the AQA Anthology. Unlike Manual 1, the excerpts border on the poetic: . This pilot however turns back and is forever shunned afterwards. (2006). In the West, a military manual would generally assume there is at least a chance of returning alive. From the creators of SparkNotes, something better. IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication, 56(4), 294312. Kamikaze by Beatrice Garland lesson, a part of the Power and Conflict anthology. There is no room or reason for deviance. Mike Duncan is a professor of English at the University of Houston-Downtown. A set of activities to work through to explore the poem Kamikaze. Its small size suggests that it could be carried folded or unfolded in a pocket to refresh ones memory or to quote from it. The essay also focuses on bushido (which originated with the samurai warriors). *Student progress - Students who used EdPlace learning materials progressed by an average of 153% in English, maths and science over an academic year. Curriculum subtopic: Part of Sandbox Learning Limited. sea. Teachit English termly planner Summer term 2023, King Charles III's coronation: write a factual account, Sporting success: speaking and listening activities, Remembering Queen Elizabeth II: tribute activities, Royal bylaws: speaking and listening task, Three royal speeches: Comprehension, comparison and analysis, Sandbox Learning Limiteds privacy notice. This reflects the Japanese notion of honour and saving face. Additionally, there is a great deal of material and thought put into what kind of approach the plane should take, which depends on the situation. Copies of this directive were even distributed to the Japanese civilian population by 1945. We're here to help each child succeed. chattered and laughed. We will not reproduce all of them here, but will rather examine critical passages thematically. Without questioning, of course, presupposes the idea of questioning, another unwanted state. The title refers to Japanese pilots during World War II tasked with flying a suicide mission. If a Togo pilot saw a squadmates plane make its final dive, he was more likely to do likewise. The opening stanza is full of the patriotic words that might have fuelled his decision to begin the suicide run. Loges, M. (1995). 374.6 KB. Bernhardts manual analysis would be enriched, for example, when placed against a contrast such as the Tigerfibel and Pantherfibel manuals (which used sex as well as elaborate rhyming to entice reading) issued to German tank crews in WWII. However, given the place is not named, the poem offers a . The normalizing power of writing-from-a-distance in these manuals cannot be underestimated. These two approaches, the dive and the horizontal, mimic the two common naval bombing techniques at the time: the dive bomber and the torpedo bomber. Her email address is Naoko.Ozaki@rice.edu. According to the text, Togo attacks were organized into groups of up to 10 planes, including a lead plane with a more experienced pilot who located targets, the Togo planes themselves, and escort planes that protected the attacking Togo pilots from American air-to-air fighters. A link to Garland's own website, which has a number of her poems up for reading. The same goes for Formationsthere is no humanistic content, only triangles and lines. Manual 1 is clearly a procedural document, given it is prefaced with an overview, includes step-rich sequential directives, integrates multiple headings throughout, and features multiple images. It made sense to Japanese commanders to adapt these two already tested techniques to kamikaze warfare, particularly the simultaneous use of multiple aircraft. Conaway, R. N. (2010). Kamikaze diaries: Reflections of Japanese student soldiers. The artifact itself is fascinating just on its anachronistic visual qualities alone (p. 218), but as Bernhardt rightly notes, condemning its sexism is largely pointless, as a rhetoric of visual attractiveness will continue to exploit gender (p. 221). Conclusion: Through the genre of procedure, the two manuals help legitimize and normalize an invariably suicidal act. Technical instructions typically promote agency in the user by affording the opportunity to complete a task. pptx, 673.72 KB. We cannot connect the manual directly to the effectiveness of Togo unit discipline, but the existence of the manual and its arguments suggest that discipline was a concern. It is also part of the more. Leff, M. (2016). 1 There once was a country I left it as a child. AQA Kamikaze by Beatrice Garland A poem about a kamikaze pilot who returns home and faces rejection. What seems to be an escape from duty becomes, again, the single path, which, according to the next directive, must be followed right up to the instant of death: (32) As for immediately before the crash, as pressing the elevator(s) (down) completely by increasing the speed, it is important not to lose the sight of the target by closing the eyes for a split second. : Aircraft, technology, and tactics in World War II. With memories of his childhood entering his head, the pilot turns back from his suicide mission and is afterwards shunned by his family. At school she was punished for misdemeanours by being made to memorise large sections of poetry. Get the entire guide to Kamikaze as a printable PDF. You are two or three metres from the target. Bliese, J. R. E. (1994). We feel it is important to subject wartime documents to rhetorical analysis so that their rhetorical maneuvers are left transparent to history, and especially for the benefit of those who may write such military discourse in the future. With an EdPlace account youll be able to track and measure progress, helping each child achieve their best. The last two stanzas of the poem are written in this way as the daughter explains the impact of her fathers decision to return home. We were nearly run down by a kamikaze on a motorcycle. The entire country, in effect, was operating under this code by that timea code punishable by execution and implied consequences for the family of the disobeyer. Curriculum subtopic: A fascinating essay that looks into the Japanese attitude towards shame and honor. Have a specific question about this poem? On the question of visuals, Dragga and Voss (2001) advocate that technical communicators should genuinely integrate words and pictures instead of simply juxtaposing the two on the page or screen (p. 271). ), Rethinking rhetorical theory, criticism, and pedagogy (pp. Line-by-Line Analysis Beatrice Garland - Beatrice Garland is an English poet that won War II with a surprise attack on Pearl Harbour (a the 2001 National Poetry Prize for her poem 'Undressing.' She wrote no poetry for some time after, instead focusing her His email address is duncanm@uhd.edu. We are not equating these with the Togo, but it is, again, hard to distance ourselves from the emotion inherent in an act that demonstrates a near-total disregard for self, even when the testimony of the pilot diaries suggests this was often a fatalistic veneer constructed to deal with an effectively inescapable fate. The very act of questioning gets in the way of following orders and is to be avoided. There is a brief glimpse of possible empathy in passage 3, as noted before, but it seems to be a slip of an otherwise authoritative mask. Beauregards battle orders and Report of the First Battle of Bull Run. The poem's content, ideas, language and structure are explored. The expected result by crashing into the enemys ship is quite distant from killing yourself and as many American sailors as possible by flying your plane into a deliberate suicide attack. There is never any question about whether or not the attacks are unusual; they are presented as ordinary wartime maneuvers. A dive bomber would approach from a high altitude and dive at a steep angle toward the target, increasing speed and accuracy dramatically before dropping its bombs at the more thinly armored top of the target ship (Smith, 1982). Detailed explanations, analysis, and citation info for every important quote on LitCharts. Her email address is hillj@uhd.edu. We're your National Curriculum aligned online education content provider helping each child succeed in English, maths and science from year 1 to GCSE. A nation challenged: Notes found after the hijackings. The absence of doubt is substantial; the manual makes killing yourself for your country just another procedure. Results: We explore different complementary and dynamic rhetorical aspects of the texts, such as their approach to their respective audiences, the recurring subjects of remorse and questioning orders, the normalization of the suicidal act, the need for mental toughness in the pilots, the recurring use of the imperative mood, and the dehumanizing role of images. The year of the kamikaze. Author. This attractive resource supports students' analysis of the poem, 'Kamikaze' by Beatrice Garland, including language techniques, structure and themes.
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