New York Holt, Rinehart Winst. Also called handwriting analysis. In the second half of the eighteenth century, in effect, in France, Johann Kasper Lavater (1741-1801) edited a series of rules to be followed for the interpretation of the character through the study of handwriting and hereafter in the first half of the nineteenth century the first societies of graphology began to be born starting from France. Lemke EA, Kirchner JH (1971) A Multivariate Study of Handwriting, Intelligence, and Personality Correlates. and could be considered a graphemic area as referred by Sakurai and co-workers such as an area in which visuokinesthetic and sequential motor engrams for letters and words are stored [90-92]. Our intent is therefore to start an effective collaboration in order to enhance the tribute of graphology as a social science to psychological speculation. in: P. Herriot. The data emerging from the study showed significant differences for markers of depression among patients affected by depressive disorder and the control group. These forms of meditation attested by instrumental data obtained, a brain activation, a regularized activity of the immune system, better intellectual capabilities. Furnham A (2000) The Perceived Efficacy of Various "Future-ologies" and Complementary Medicine. In the results, the evidence concerning the first and second groups showed a reduction in heart rate and an increase in body temperature compared to the baseline measurements. Handwriting analysis draws reliable conclusions about the spirit personality of a writer. Abstract. Stoodley C, Schmahmann J (2009) Functional topography in the human cerebellum: A meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies. What is Graphology? Graphemics deals with the customary ways we transcribe spoken language . These essentially consist of ambiguous stimuli, with no formal and precise structure which allows the person wide margin of representation. Dazzi C, Pedrabissi L (2009) Graphology and Personality: An Empirical Study on Validity of Handwriting Analysis. Ania Teillard affirmed that the style of writing speaks directly to the observer, not unlike a smile or the shape of a hand; the graphic trace reflects the most spontaneous and authentic aspects of a person configuring in terms of a creative process [3]. Balestrino M, Fontana P, Terzuoli S, Volpe S, Inglese ML et al. found an activation of neurons of the parietal cortex around the left superior parietal area which is part of the writing centers as reported by Sugihara et al. Generally, the findings observed are constituted by a handwriting more loose and fluent in parallel with a greater autonomy in behaviour, as an index of acquisition of a certain maturation of self. Beeson P, Rapcsak S, Plante E (2003) The neural substrates of writing: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study. New. McNeal JU (1967) Graphology: A New Marketing Research Technique. Harel S, Holtzman M, Jurgenson U, Reider I, Feinsod M (1985) Cerebellar astrocytoma presenting as deterioration of handwriting in a child. As illustrated the lands explored by graphologists have ranged parallel or over time inspired by the most diverse points of view and culture: from China to Switzerland, to the United States and through the different countries of the Old Continent to the East and to the Middle East. Rorschach, H (1921) Psychodiagnostik. First of all, it is necessary to collect a handwriting sample with the largest number of alphabetical letters including a span of words ranging from 5 to 100, written using a pen on a white leaf that is devoid of graphs and lines. AN INTRODUCTION TO GRAPHOLOGY: DEFINITION, THEORETICAL BACKGROUND AND LEVELS OF ANALYSIS miscelnea: a journal of english and american studies 51 (2015): pp. The handwriting of patients was distinguished by a significant decrease in velocity and acceleration and an increase in the length, disfluency and pressure with respect to controls. Oosthuizen S (1990) Graphology as Predictor of Academic Achievement. Even Confucius, in the year 500 A. D. made reference to the action of writing as moved by the spirit of man in the same way in which a reed sways in the wind. To judge the validity of a disputed will is complex; however, a major problem is to estimate the state of the mental faculties of the testator at the time of the intentions expressed. Graphology is a blend of art and science. According to some investigation it turned out that in France 52% of assumptions had been made in this direction, to go down in the United Kingdom at 7%, in the Netherlands at 4%, in Germany and Norway at 2% [29]. Among these, the left frontal superior sulcus area, the left superior parietal area and the right anterior cerebellum represent the areas that have shown a reliable and repetitive activation during handwriting and it does suggest a possible important role played in writing processes in accordance with the perspective taken into account by Sugihara and colleagues that have defined the posterior end of the superior frontal gyrus and the anterior part of the left superior parietal area as writing centers [91]. Rothlein D, Rapp B (2014) The similarity structure of distributed neural responses reveals the multiple representations of letters. Handwriting is an X-ray of the mind. James KH, Gauthier I (2006) Letter processing automatically recruits a sensory-motor brain network. ii) The superior parietal lobule (SPL) is critical in guiding the movement of the body in the space, it has been linked with visuospatial and visuomotor neural processes and it is associated with the execution of writing [79-82]. In substance, it has been produced an assimilation between procedures concerning the personality evaluation and ranging from graphology to astrology, numerology up to include alternative forms of medicine such as osteopathy and acupuncture. have focused on a group of 20 elderly people who had a diagnosis of major depressive disorder compared with a control group of the same number of people [48]. James KH (2010) Sensori-motor experience leads to changes in visual processing in the developing brain. In the course of the evolution of the studies on writing, the graphologists drew in parallel on the areas that were developing and expanding in psychological theories and practices, in particular important points of reference for them were Sigmund Freud and Carl Gustav Jung. Not surprisingly, as it is commonly given to observe, the graphic elements proceed along more or less parallel stages to chronological and psychological evolution of the human being finalized to a communicative act. However, in our opinion seems trite and simplistic to attribute to graphology coarse inferences that link the size of the letters in the handwriting to a way to think big or not, or that the distance between the written words can defined exclusively and separately the dimension of writer proxemic attitude towards the other characterizing as well as distanced/detached or near/intrusive [54]. In two groups of 40 persons, the first composed by successful manager and the second by volunteers, graphics samples have been analysed by three graphologists that succeeded to identify with accuracy the handwritings respectively belonging to the group of professionals and those of the control group. On the other hand, the techniques of Eastern meditation such as Zen and yoga are traditionally an effective means for the psychological well-being, depressive disorders and generalized anxiety, substantiated by empirical evidence. The authors presented an activation of right cerebellum, in particular it has been reported increased cerebellar activation in the right anterior cerebellum and in the right posterior cerebellum [90]. Robertson I MP, Makin PJ (1986) Management selection in Britain: A survey and critique. Part 2: The Answer Is No. Handwritings analysis of these persons has also allowed the identification of a capacity not yet developed, and to invest in the right direction [21, 38]. Two empirical studies and some methodological ruminations. In fact, it is argued that if a person writes with a foot or with the mouth or with the other hand, the general characteristics of writing remain identical. Graphology is a discipline that investigates personality and intellect of the individual through writing, indeed handwriting of the human being is an expression of his or her essence. Men such as Jung, Freud, and numerous other scientists were. Lubrano V, Roux FE, Dmonet JF (2004) Writing-specific sites in frontal areas: a cortical stimulation study. Bangerter A, Knig CJ, Blatti S, Salvisberg A (2009) How Widespread is Graphology in Personnel Selection Practice? This process takes into account the conventions that are learned and draw on the wealth of individual experience, in a link between past and present and oriented in a prospective manner through the becoming process. Rassegna di Neuropsichiatria. Pulver, M (1972) Symbolik der Handschrift: ein Lehrbuch d. Graphologie. In fact, the acquisition of skills for writers involves learning the shape of the letters that embodied in a perceptual component and the ability to draw the trajectory that produces the shape of the letter and which constitutes the graphomotor component [57, 70]. Kristeva J (1994) Soleil noir, quelques aspects de la dpression feminine. In a meta-analytic review conducted by Neter and Ben-Shakhar it has been stressed the predictive value determined by the acquisition of informative, autobiographical and content data in comparison with a pure handwriting analysis that overlooks the evaluation of the content of the text [106]. Roux FE, Draper L, Kpke B, Dmonet JF (2010) Who actually read Exner? The change in handwriting in accordance with the physical and mental condition of a person such as anxiety, fatigue, stress, pain, even within in the same day has been indicated by Singer as an unfavorable element regarding the identification of a person character by the analysis of his or her handwriting since such conditions can influence it [98]. Blinkhorn interrogated himself about the reasons for which the calligraphy and character should be connected as it is easy to show conferring to the handwriting to the appearance of a pure and simple peripheral motor habit [102]. Grace et al. The use of the techniques of graphology was suggested by Graumann in monitoring of a psychotherapeutic process than a declining its application nature included in an arc that moves between the possibility of complementary aid in the phases of psychological and medical research, assessments relating to the progress of care processes and their use in the re-education writing [68]. Graphology examines a writing in order to extract unfiltered information about innate temperament and subconscious nature of who has traced the letters. Graphology is a discipline that investigates personality and intellect of the individual through writing, indeed handwriting of the human being is an expression of his or her essence. Bollati Boringhieri: Torino. The theoretical system of graphology, based on physiology and psychology and its connection with the other branches of characterology, was the work of the German school. Objective tools for measuring were represented by ruler and protractor to calculate tilt, height and size; regularity, harmony and continuity were a variety of means complementary to the survey. Graphology is a technique that allows us to become knowledgeable of ourselves and also explore those who surround us. Patients affected by mood depression have made a drawing with a speed significantly less regular than in healthy subjects, they also presented a handwriting abnormally slow. n. 1. an approach to epistemology holding that all knowledge of matters of fact either arises from experience or requires experience for its validation. n. the study of the physical characteristics of handwriting, particularly as a means of inferring the writer's psychological state or personality characteristics. Panton and co-workers provide a quantitative review and synthesis of findings from functional neuroimaging studies [90]. The monitoring consisted in the measurement of respiratory rate, EMG signs and heart rate. The act of writing draws on the energy and the creative tension inside a metaphorical representation of the inner world. investigated the use of handwriting in the study of motor abnormalities in patients suffering from bipolar or psychotic disorders. Rozin P, Nemeroff C (1990) The laws of sympathetic magic. graphology meaning: 1. the study of the way people write letters and words, especially in order to discover things. In 1985 the graphologist had been employed in the field of human resources in different countries [26, 27]. The author insisted on the prerequisites of the experience, training and observation in the use of tools of graphology, not separated even by good psychological skills. This term was first brought into use in . Williams et al. hr managements assessment center die zunehmend. The method of writing Chinese calligraphy has been used and compared with meditation to test the hypothesis of the effects on stress reduction. According to recent surveys, in Italy, Greece and the Netherlands 10% of companies employing graphology in selection, while in Switzerland the percentage stands at 15.8% [28, 33-36]. iii) The inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) plays a role in in phonological processing and verbal working memory and encodes letterforms and words [83-86]. In particular, empiricism denies the possibility of innate ideas, arguing that the mind at birth is like a blank sheet of paper (see tabula rasa ). In: Cultural Psychology. Churchill Livingstone. Freud S (1976) Lio e les: 1922. The persistence of one of these phases in the adult personality will determine its character. Snyder CR, Shenkel RJ, Lowery CR (1977) Acceptance of personality interpretations: the Barnum Effect and beyond. Graphology is the study of handwriting as a means of analyzing character. investigate how children affected by autism spectrum disorder plan and control their handwriting actions [67]. recognizing to graphology an interest of modest proportions, ascertained common evidence among the findings from some graphological studies and deductible instead in his opinion even from simple impressions deduced by nave in graphology placed in front of the same writings [105]. These hypotheses are linked to those of the so-called magical thinking [119]. Some people call it the "psychology of writing." Handwriting reveals what happens in the unconscious. It is also known as 'the writing of the brain'. On the other hand, Rothlein et al. Fogassi L, Gallese V (2004) Action Binding as a Key to Multisensory Integration. +372-60-28428. Salvatore Mazza In addition, the precision of the estimates did not depend on the contents of the writings, although the handwritten texts were spontaneously produced [115]. Graphology Handwriting Analysis is the science of finding someone's personality by look at their Handwriting, you can get to know about relationships, finances, self-image, couple compatibility, communication skills, confidence and many other aspects of personality with just handwriting! They identified an essentially left-hemisphere network associated with written word production, providing estimates of the most likely locations of activation within these areas. It would be particularly interesting to start from the characteristics traced by graphology, through such a refined and complex technique, to correlate them to the evidences that emerge from the use of the psychometric tools. correspond pursuant to the graphologists to specific personality traits, cognitive styles and emotional states. Allport GW (1961) Pattern and growth in personality. He applied himself, among other things, to the study of the relationships between the handwriting and the physical features of the person conceiving a real system of measurement expressed in decimal classification. Van Gemmert AW, Teulings HL, Contreras Vidal JL, Stelmach GE (1999) Parkinsons disease and the control of size and speed in handwriting. In this context Platon and colleagues argued that the superior parietal cortex might be concerned with the selection or representation of letter shapes and had a part of a high-level interface between motor and language areas during written language production [90]. denounced in graphology a poor reliability on the assessment of personality traits and the prediction of achievement success in the workplace [105]. Kindler: Munich. The results showed an acceptable level of correspondence and reliability of the graphological instruments such as to constitute an additional element in decision making in psychiatry and internal medicine. In 2003, Furnham, Chamorro-Premuzic, and Callahan have demonstrated from their studies a certain estrangement between graphology and assessment of intelligence and personality [108]. Bradley N (2002) The applications and prices of Graphology. These regions are located in: i) the left superior frontal area, ii) the left superior parietal area, iii) primary motor and sensorimotor cortex, iv) the supplementary and pre-supplementary motor areas, v) right anterior cerebellum, vi) left posterior nucleus of thalamus, vii) ventral premotor area/inferior frontal gyrus, viii) right posterior cerebellum, ix) right superior frontal cortex, x) right inferior parietal lobule, xi) left fusiform gyrus, and xii) left putamen. The French graphologist selected 200 graphological signs that gathered in seven categories consisted of: size, shape, pressure, speed, direction, layout and continuity, all addressed in the unicum of a gestalt. Bern. Nikolaou I, Judge TA (2007) Fairness Reactions to Personnel Selection Techniques in Greece: The role of core self-evaluations. Max Pulver (1890-1953), in Switzerland, regarded carefully the investigation and the meaning of the symbolism in the handwriting conceiving an issue important and widespread in graphology throughout the world; in particular he noticed a certain importance in the three spatial dimensions of the graphic traces: vertically, horizontally and in depth, reporting the action of writing in human beings to something similar to a unaware design as asserted in The symbolism of handwriting: the man who writes unconsciously draws its inner nature, the conscious writing is a unconscious drawing, sign and portrait of oneself [6]. (2007) Parietal Dysgraphia: Characterization of Abnormal Writing Stroke Sequences, Character Formation and Character Recall. The best-known pseudo psychologies all make the unfounded suggestion that various external events or characteristics can affect or determine personality. On a psychological level this physiological characterization corresponds to the presence in both sexes of heterogeneous characteristics, the Animus and the Anima symbolize archetypal figures of the psyche, each of which is related to the opposite sex. They noticed even greater emotional stability among patients who had a depressive illness or a carcinoma. Eckert MA, Leonard CM, Richards TL, Aylward EH, Thomson J et al. Freud S (2015) Tre saggi sulla teoria sessuale. Two frontal and parietal superior regions seem to be involved, whereas fronto-medial, precentral, frontal inferior, temporal posterior, thalamic and cerebellar areas act at different degrees, from orthographic selection to motor execution. It can be used to identify the writer of a document, to analyze their personality, and to detect forgeries. After a long pause during the Middle Ages, graphological studies seemed to percolate since the seventeenth century, in particular in Bologna, a professor of logic and metaphysics, Camillo Baldi reported currently valid empirical and scientific observations, in the treatise entitled How from a missive letter, one may know the nature and qualities of the writer. The Shadow constitutes that set of removed dispositions integrated to the global personality in a guise of contraposition to the imposed predispositions present in the Person enclosing forever useful values to the conscience and to the completion of the personality, even if difficult to integrate in life. In 1994, Kristeva concerning the same condition of psychological distress in addition to a lighter pressure in the tract showed several breaks irregularities, the letters m and n filiform and a descending line [43]. Watson D (1995) A dictionary of mind and body: therapies, techniques, and ideas in alternative medicine, the healing arts and psychology. In accordance with this correlation, the author led to further investigations that identified aspects graphometrically identifiable on character traits of extroversion or similar to some inner conflict [53]. Completely disagree with Frank, Driver et al. Bollati Boringhieri. Hirsh HN (1987) Review of Baruch: the Scientific Aspects of graphology. As far as the first, he metapsychologically worked on a definition and a broad treatment of the three instances called Id, Ego and SuperEgo, which respectively constitute the sites of instinctual drives, where the Id pursues the pleasure principle, the Ego embodies the sense of reality and tends to defer the satisfaction of desire, when it is possible and the SuperEgo performs a normative and model function respect to which the Ego must mediate on the forces of the Id [7]. The areas have moved from the legal sciences, to the identification of personal characteristics compatible with the labour market including the management of human resources, contributions have been directed to the medical, psychological, psychopathological, neuropsychiatric-child and neuroscience disciplines, to the evaluation of evolution of the individual starting from childhood and pedagogy [127]. Handb multisensory Process Cambridge, Mass MIT Press. Some surveys indicate that it is rather rarely used outside of France, where estimates vary between 38% and 93% of organizations [31, 32]. It is as follows: 1. originally, state or fact of knowing; knowledge, often as opposed to intuition, belief. Graphology finds possibility of application in various areas such as orientation to the study, personnel selection, calligraphic expertise, handwriting effect in conditions affecting the neuromuscular system. Singer E (1986) A manual of graphology. Anderson N, Witvliet C (2008) Fairness Reactions to Personnel Selection Methods: An international comparison between the Netherlands, the United States, France, Spain, Portugal, and Singapore. Roux FE, Dufor O, Giussani C, Wamain Y, Draper L et al.
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